bruma Latin · revision 6321

16 Oct 2026, 06:57 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Terence|origins=la brevis}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈbruː.ma]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈbruː.ma]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''brūma''' ''f'' (genitive brūmae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is an old superlative of [[brevis]] “short”, *brevi-ma, *breu-ma, “the shortest (day)”, without the later superlative ending, like [[extrēmus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Varro already explained it as the time when the day is shortest.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Terence, whom he dates 190–159 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's first citation is Cato, of the winter solstice.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant the shortest day, the winter solstice, midwinter, as in Cato, Caesar and Cicero, and in astronomy the sun's position then.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant winter, wintry weather, as in Lucretius and Virgil, and in Martial a winter as a year of one's life.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ In Medieval Latin it meant the Saturnalia festival at midwinter, and winter.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) The DÉRom reconstructs Proto-Romance */ˈbrum-a/ “winter; hoarfrost; mist”, continued in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''bruma'' and Romanian ''brumă'' “hoarfrost”.^(DÉRom)^(Wiktionary) Through French ''brume'' “fog” it gave [[en|brume]] in 1808.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of the winter solstice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of winter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1808 – English ''brume'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # The winter [[m|en|solstice]], midwinter.^(OLD 2012)
+ # [[m|en|Winter]]; wintry weather.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(poetic)'' A year (of age).^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[brūmālis]]
+ * [[brūmāria]]
+ * [[brūmōsus]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[brevis]]
+ * [[sōlstitium]]
+ * [[en|brume]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}