calco Latin · revision 6319
16 Oct 2026, 06:55 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cato|origins=la calx}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkaɫ.koː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkal.ko]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''calcō''' (present infinitive calcāre, perfect active calcāvī, supine calcātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[calx]] “heel” with the verbal suffix -ō.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's first citation is Cato, of crushing by treading.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to trample or ram down earth, as in Vitruvius, to press by treading into a container, as in Varro, to tread grapes, as in Ovid, and to work a treadmill.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant to tread on, set foot on, as Varro's grass not to be trodden, ''viam calcāre'' “to tread a path”, to crush underfoot, as in Cato, and to trample bodies in battle, as in Virgil.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it meant to trample on insolently, spurn, make light of, as in Propertius, Ovid and Seneca.^(OLD 2012) Columella uses it of a cock treading a hen.^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short call it mostly poetic or post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to trample on, tread on.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''calcare'' and Romanian ''călca''.^(Wiktionary) French ''calquer'' “to trace”, borrowed from Italian, gave [[en|calque]] in 1937.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of crushing underfoot.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of treading into a container.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of trampling in battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1937 – English ''calque'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To tread, [[m|en|trample]]; to ram down.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To tread (grapes).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To tread on, set foot on.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To crush underfoot.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To spurn, trample on.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[calcātor]]
+ * [[calcātōrium]]
+ * [[calcātrīx]]
+ * [[calcātūra]]
+ * [[calcātus]]
+ * [[circumcalcō]]
+ * [[conculcō]]
+ * [[dēculcō]]
+ * [[exculcō]]
+ * [[incalcatus]]
+ * [[incalcō]]
+ * [[inculcō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[calceus]]
+ * [[calcitrō]]
+ * [[calx]]
+ * [[calceō]]
+ * [[en|calque]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}