calidus Latin · revision 6318

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=la caleō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈka.lɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkaː.li.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calidus''' (feminine calida, neuter calidum, comparative calidior, superlative calidissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[caleō]] “to be warm” with the suffix [[-idus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cognate with [[xum|calersu]].^(Wiktionary) A contracted form ⟨caldus⟩ is frequent in Cato and Varro, while Lucretius and Cicero use only ⟨calidus⟩.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is Ennius, of the warmth of living bodies.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Plautus.^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant hot, as Cicero's ''omne quod est calidum'' “everything hot”, heated, with ''calidae aquae'' “hot springs”, of climates and situations warm, and of bodies warm with life.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant warm, of clothes, hot to the taste, pungent, feverish, of wine heady, and of persons hasty, hot-blooded, lusty, angry, as in Horace.^(OLD 2012) It also meant rash, as in Terence, and devised on the spot, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says ''calidus'' is moderately warm, opposed to [[frīgidus]].^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant hot, and in medicine “hot” as a quality.^(DMLBS) Through the contracted ''caldus'' it survives in Italian ''caldo'', Old French ''chaut'' and Romanian ''cald''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of warm bodies.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of heated things and of improvisation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of heat and hot springs.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Hot]], warm, ''calidae aquae'', hot springs.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of climate)'' Warm.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Pungent; feverish, ''(of wine)'' heady.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Eager; hot-blooded; angry.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Rash, hasty.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Improvised.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[caldamentum]]

+ * [[caldicerebrius]]

+ * [[calida]]

+ * [[calidum]]

+ * [[praecalidus]]

+ * [[subcalidus]]

+ * [[caldāria]]

+ * [[caldāriola]]

+ * [[caldārium]]

+ * [[caldārius]]

+ * [[caldor]]

+ * [[caldūmen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calefaciō]]

+ * [[calefactābilis]]

+ * [[calefactiō]]

+ * [[calefactō]]

+ * [[calefactōrius]]

+ * [[calefactus]]

+ * [[caleō]]

+ * [[calēscō]]

+ * [[calor]]

+ * [[calōrātus]]

+ * [[frīgidus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}