contraho Latin · revision 6286

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la trahō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkɔn.tra.(ɦ)oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔn.tra.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''contrahō''' (present infinitive contrahere, perfect active contrāxī, supine contractum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[con-|t=together]] and [[trahō]] “to draw”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citations are from Plautus and Cato, of frowning, engaging in battle and drawing in.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to draw together, contract the body, as in Cato, with ''frontem contrahere'' “to frown”, as in Plautus, to constipate, to make flinch, and ''vēla contrahere'' “to take in sail”, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012) It meant to reduce, narrow, shorten a syllable, restrict, and to depress the mind, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) It meant to bring together, assemble, as Caesar's gathering of cohorts, to amass, and to collect instances.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant to unite in friendship, to enter into a formal relationship, especially a contract, as in Cicero and Gaius, to engage in battle, as in Plautus, to bring about something harmful, and to incur, catch an illness.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to contract, commit, collect, draw in.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''contrarre'' and Spanish ''contraer''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|contract]] came in the late 14th century, first meaning “to shrink”, and in the early 15th century “to make an agreement”, from its participle ''contractus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of frowning and of battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of drawing in the body.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of friendships and contracts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''contract'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To draw together, [[m|en|contract]], ''frontem contrahere'', to frown.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To reduce, narrow; to restrict.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To depress (the mind).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To assemble, collect.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To unite (in friendship); to enter into (a contract).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To engage in (battle).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To bring about; to incur, catch (an illness).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[contractiō]]

+ * [[contractor]]

+ * [[contractura]]

+ * [[contractus]]

+ * [[contractē]]

+ * [[contractōrium]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abstrahō]]

+ * [[attrahō]]

+ * [[circumtrahō]]

+ * [[dētrahō]]

+ * [[distrahō]]

+ * [[extrahō]]

+ * [[intertrahō]]

+ * [[intrahō]]

+ * [[obtrahō]]

+ * [[pertrahō]]

+ * [[trahō]]

+ * [[en|contract]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}