carduus Latin · revision 6275

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Virgil}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkar.du.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkar.du.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''carduus''' ''m'' (genitive carduī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is possibly from [[ine-pro|*kers-|t=to scratch, card]], cognate with [[gml|harsch|t=hairy]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD compares [[cārō]] “to card wool”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is Virgil, who names the thistle among the weeds of the fields.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Virgil 70–19 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a thistle, as in Virgil and Columella, a prickly seed vessel or bur, and the cardoon, as in Pliny the Elder.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) A fourth-declension form ''cardus'' occurs in Diocletian's price edict.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a thistle.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it meant a thistle or similar plant, and ''carduus benedictus'' was a herb.^(DMLBS) It survives in French ''chardon'' and Italian ''cardo''.^(Wiktionary) Through French it is the source of [[en|cardoon]] in the 1610s and [[en|chard]] in the 1650s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a thistle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of the cardoon.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1610s – English ''cardoon'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|thistle]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A bur.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The [[m|en|cardoon]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[carduētum]]

+ * [[carduēlis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cārō]]

+ * [[en|cardoon]]

+ * [[en|chard]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}