flamma Latin · revision 6212
16 Oct 2026, 05:07 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *bʰleg-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfɫam.ma]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈflam.ma]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''flamma''' ''f'' (genitive flammae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*flagmā]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰl̥g-mh₂-|t=flame]], from the root of [[flagrō]] “to blaze”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The OLD compares [[grc|φλέγμα|tr=phlégma|t=flame, inflammation]] and [[lv|blāzma|t=gleam]].^(OLD 2012) Isidore of Seville explained it from [[flātus]], the blast of the bellows.^(Isidore)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant a flame, usually in the plural or collectively, as in Cato and Lucretius, fire as destroyer, as Ennius' shrines burnt by flame, a conflagration, and a torch or firebrand.^(OLD 2012) It was the fire of the sun and stars, and a fiery gleam, as Virgil's helmet spewing flames.^(OLD 2012) Livy has ''flammā ferrōque'' “with fire and sword”.^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ In Medieval Latin it was also the heat of fever, a star, and the fire of strife or of divine grace.^(eLexicon Polonorum) It survives in Italian ''fiamma'' and Spanish ''llama''.^(Wiktionary) Through Anglo-French ''flaume'' it is the source of [[en|flame]] in the mid-14th century, and through Provençal ''flama'' of [[en|flamingo]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of shrines destroyed by fire.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of a flame.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-14th century – English ''flame'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|flame]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # Fire (as destroyer).^(OLD 2012)
+ # A blaze, [[m|en|conflagration]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A torch, [[m|en|firebrand]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # The fire of the sun or stars.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A fiery gleam.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[flammābundus]]
+ * [[flammāris]]
+ * [[flammārius]]
+ * [[flammeus]]
+ * [[flammicomans]]
+ * [[flammicomus]]
+ * [[flammicremus]]
+ * [[flammifer]]
+ * [[flammigena]]
+ * [[flammiger]]
+ * [[flammigero]]
+ * [[flammigō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[flagrō]]
+ * [[flammō]]
+ * [[flammula]]
+ * [[īnflammō]]
+ * [[en|flame]]
+ * [[en|flamingo]]
+
+ ==Usage notes==
+ ''Flamma'' was also a Roman cognomen, in Pliny the Elder and Tacitus.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}