jet English · revision 6183

+ Jet the black mineral and jet the stream or aircraft are unrelated words.^(Cresswell 2021)^(AHD)

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /dʒet/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ {{homograph|1|black mineral}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1351|origins=grc γαγάτης}}

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The mineral is Middle English gete, jeet, [[bor|xno|geet]], corresponding to Old French [[m|fro|jaiet]] (modern French jais),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(Etymonline) from [[la|gagātēs]], from [[grc|γαγάτης|tr=gagátēs|t=of Gagai]], short for gagátēs líthos, “stone of Gagai”,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) from Gagai, a town and river in Lycia in Asia Minor.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024)^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The hard black mineral: 1351 in Barnhart, the mid-14th century in Etymonline, before 1387 in the OED.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was formerly supposed to be magnetic.^(Etymonline) Black marble was also called jet in the 15th century.^(OED 1989) The colour of jet, a deep glossy black, is from the mid-15th century,^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) and the adjective, made of jet, from 1444,^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) with ''jet-black'' as a colour from 1716.^(OED 1989) In old cant a jet was a lawyer, and an autem jet a clergyman, apparently from their black gowns (about 1700).^(OED 1989) In Edinburgh dialect the jet-tribe were crows.^(Wright 1898)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1351 – the mineral.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1444 – made of jet.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * mid-15th century – a deep glossy black.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * c. 1700 – a lawyer, in cant.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1716 – jet-black.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A hard, dense black [[lignite]] that takes a high polish and is used in jewellery.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A deep glossy black.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Made of jet, or deep black like it.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jet-black]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|stream; jet aircraft}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1692|origins=la iacere}}

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The stream is [[bor|fr|jet|t=a throw, a cast; a gush, spurt]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from [[m|fr|jeter|t=to throw, thrust]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) from Late Latin [[m|la-lat|iectāre]], abstracted from compounds such as dēiectāre and prōiectāre,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) for [[la|iactāre|t=to toss about]], a frequentative of [[m|la|iacere|t=to throw, cast]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from PIE [[ine-pro|*yeh₁-|t=to throw, impel]].^(Etymonline) [[jut]] is a variant of jet.^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb, to spout forth or gush out, is from 1692 in Barnhart, the 1690s in Etymonline;^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) the noun, a stream of water sent with force, from 1696.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) An earlier verb, to project or encroach, is in Shakespeare's ''Titus Andronicus'' (1588),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) and Middle English had jetten, to strut or swagger (about 1400).^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A spout or nozzle for emitting water, gas or fuel is from 1825,^(Etymonline) which gave ''jet propulsion'' (1855, first of water) and, through the jet engine (1943), an aeroplane driven by jet propulsion (1944),^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the first in service being the German Messerschmitt Me 262.^(Etymonline) The atmospheric [[jet stream]] is from 1947, the ''jet set'' from 1951 and the ''jet age'' from 1952.^(Etymonline) To travel by jet plane is American English from 1949.^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1588 – to project, in Shakespeare.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1692 – to gush out.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1696 – a stream of water.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1825 – a nozzle.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1944 – a jet aircraft.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1949 – to travel by jet.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1951 – jet set.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A fast, narrow stream of liquid or gas forced out of a small opening.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A [[nozzle]] or outlet that emits such a stream.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # An [[aircraft]] driven by jet engines.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' A long narrow stream of matter ejected from a galaxy or star.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To gush out in a jet.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(informal)'' To travel by jet aircraft.^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jet engine]]

+ * [[jet lag]]

+ * [[jet set]]

+ * [[jet ski]]

+ * [[jet stream]]

+ * [[jetliner]]

+ * [[jumbo jet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jut]]

+ * [[jetty]]

+ * [[jettison]]

+ * [[eject]]

+ * [[project]]

+ * [[gist]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The SOED also records an archaic jet, a by-form of [[gist]].^(SOED 2002) JET is also the Joint European Torus, a fusion research device in Oxfordshire.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}