fumus Latin · revision 6132

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *dʰewh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfuː.mʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfuː.mus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fūmus''' ''m'' (genitive fūmī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*fūmo-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*dʰuh₂-mó-|t=smoke]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sa|धूम|tr=dhūmá|t=smoke]], [[lt|dūmai|t=smoke]], [[cu|дымъ|tr=dymŭ|t=smoke]], [[goh|toum|t=steam]] and [[grc|θυμός|tr=thumós|t=spirit]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Schrijver explains the long /ū/, where a shortening would be expected, by analogy with [[fūlīgō]] “soot” and [[suffiō]] “to fumigate”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus, whose miser grudges even the smoke that escapes from his roof.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant smoke, fumes, and in the plural clouds of smoke, as the smoke signals from forts in Caesar.^(OLD 2012) Smoke was a sign of fire, as in Cicero's proverb that smoke proves fire, and was used to cure hams in Cato's recipe, and for torture.^(OLD 2012) It also meant steam, mist or vapour, as the light mist the earth breathes out in Virgil.^(OLD 2012) By transfer it meant something without substance, and ''fūmum vendere'' “to sell smoke” was to make empty promises.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant a hearth, a household as a unit of taxation, and something evanescent.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(eLexicon Polonorum)^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''fumo'', Spanish ''humo'' and French ''fumée''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|fume]] came from it through Old French in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of smoke from a roof.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it for curing hams.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of smoke signals.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''fume'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Smoke]], fumes.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Steam]], mist, [[m|en|vapour]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Something without substance.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A hearth, household.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fūmārium]]

+ * [[fūmeus]]

+ * [[fūmifer]]

+ * [[fūmificō]]

+ * [[fūmificus]]

+ * [[fūmigō]]

+ * [[fūmō]]

+ * [[fūmōsus]]

+ * [[fūmidus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fūlīgō]]

+ * [[suffiō]]

+ * [[en|fume]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}