luctor Latin · revision 6117

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *lewg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɫuːk.tɔr], [ˈɫʊk.tɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈluk.tor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lū̆ctor''' (present infinitive lū̆ctārī or lū̆ctārier, perfect active lū̆ctātus sum); first conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a frequentative verb from [[itc-pro|*lukto-|t=bent]], [[ine-pro|*lug-to-|t=bent]], the participle of the root [[ine-pro|*lewg-|t=to bend, twist]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[grc|λυγίζω|tr=lugízō|t=to bend, especially in wrestling]], and Wiktionary [[luxus]] “dislocated”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[grc|λύγος|tr=lúgos|t=withy]], [[sga|fo·loing|t=supports]] and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽|tr=galūkan|t=to shut]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan notes that neither ''luctor'' nor ''luxus'' shows the vowel lengthening that would be expected.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The active ''luctāre'' appears in Ennius, Plautus, Terence and Varro; the deponent is Classical.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan dates it from Plautus, whose young men trained by running and wrestling.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC and Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to wrestle, as on Virgil's yellow sand, then to struggle or grapple like a wrestler, also with the forces of nature, and to contend in hostility, as Valerius Maximus' Pompey whose authority struggled with liberty.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it meant to contend with difficulties or against one's feelings, and to strain, struggle to move forward.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It survives in Italian ''lottare'', French ''lutter'' and Spanish ''luchar''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|reluctant]] comes from the compound ''reluctārī'' “to struggle against”, recorded in the 1660s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses the active form.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of wrestling.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1660s – English ''reluctant'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|wrestle]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To struggle, [[m|en|grapple]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To contend, struggle for supremacy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To struggle with difficulties or one's feelings.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To strain, struggle to move forward.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ēlū̆ctor]]

+ * [[lū̆cta]]

+ * [[lū̆ctātiō]]

+ * [[lū̆ctātor]]

+ * [[oblū̆ctor]]

+ * [[relū̆ctor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[luxus]]

+ * [[en|reluctant]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}