psychology English · revision 6090

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1653|origins=grc ψυχή, grc -λογία}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/, US /saɪˈkɑː.lə.dʒi/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-new|psychologia]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024)^(NODE 1998) which is believed to have been coined in Germany in the 16th century, possibly by Melanchthon,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) [[af|grc|ψυχή|-λογία|tr1=psukhḗ|tr2=-logía|t1=breath, spirit, soul|t2=study]] (see [[psyche]] and [[-logy]]).^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) Its first appearance in print is in 1590–97, as the study of the soul.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The study of the human soul: 1653 in the OED and Barnhart,^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988) the 1650s in Etymonline;^(Etymonline) NODE and the SOED date the English word to the late 17th century.^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The study of the human mind is first recorded in 1748,^(Barnhart 1988) in reference to Christian Wolff's ''Psychologia empirica'' (1732),^(Etymonline) and MWU dates its first known use to 1749.^(MWU 2024) The modern sense of a behavioural science is from the early 1890s,^(Etymonline) and the study of the behaviour of an individual or group from 1895.^(OED 1989) The attitude or outlook of a person or group on a matter, as in ''the psychology of the voter'', is from 1899.^(OED 1989) The sense of tactics used to influence or manipulate someone, as in ''reverse psychology'', is recorded in the AHD.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1590–97 – New Latin psychologia in print.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1653 – the study of the soul.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1748 – the study of the mind.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+ * early 1890s – a behavioural science.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1899 – the outlook of a person or group.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The scientific study of the [[mind]] and of [[behaviour]] in humans and animals.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # The mental and emotional characteristics of a person, group or activity.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Subtle tactics used to influence or [[manipulate]] someone.^(AHD)

+ # ''(philosophy)'' The branch of [[metaphysics]] that studies the soul and the mind.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[prepsychology]]

+ * [[psychological]]

+ * [[psychologize]]

+ * [[biopsychology]]

+ * [[metapsychology]]

+ * [[neuropsychology]]

+ * [[parapsychology]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[psyche]]

+ * [[psychiatrist]]

+ * [[psychiatry]]

+ * [[psychotherapy]]

+ * [[psychic]]

+ * [[psychologist]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}