arduus Latin · revision 6061

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *h₃rdʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈar.du.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈar.du.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''arduus''' (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*arþwo-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₃rdʰ-wo-|t=high, upright]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sga|ard|t=high]], [[cy|ardd|t=high]], [[sa|ऊर्ध्व|tr=ūrdhvá|t=upright, high]] and [[grc|ὀρθός|tr=orthós|t=upright]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Since *-rdʰ- normally gives Latin /rb/, the /rd/ needs explaining, and Lubotsky suggests the preceding /r/ and following /w/ prevented the change.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary calls the etymology disputed.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The root may be a derivative of [[ine-pro|*h₃er-|t=to rise]], the root of [[orior]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Ennius, who wrote of lofty Pergamum.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant tall, lofty, towering, as Cicero's steep mountains, then rearing up, as the uplifted heads of Virgil's boxers, and situated on high.^(OLD 2012) Of a slope or road it meant steep, uphill, and by transfer difficult, troublesome, arduous, as Cicero's great and difficult work.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of the mind it meant sublime, as Statius' lofty virtue.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says it is what is hard to climb, opposed to [[prōnus]], while [[difficilis]] is what is hard to do.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ [[en|arduous]] was formed from it in the 1530s, first in the sense “hard to accomplish”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of lofty Pergamum.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of a steep approach.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a difficult task.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1530s – English ''arduous'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Tall, [[m|en|lofty]], towering.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Rearing up, erect.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Situated on high, elevated.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Steep]], precipitous, uphill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Difficult, troublesome, [[m|en|arduous]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of the mind)'' [[m|en|Sublime]], lofty.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[arduitās]]

+ * [[perarduus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[arbor]]

+ * [[orior]]

+ * [[en|arduous]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}