ferveo Latin · revision 6059

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Varro|origins=ine-pro *bʰrewh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfɛr.we.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfɛr.ve.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ferveō''' (present infinitive fervēre, perfect active ferbuī or fervī, supine fervitum); second conjugation, impersonal in the passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*ferwe/o-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰeru-e/o-|t=to be hot, boil]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary gives the root as [[ine-pro|*bʰrewh₁-]].^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sga|berbaid|t=boils]] and [[cy|berwi|t=to boil]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan argues that the third-conjugation [[m|la|fervō|alt=fervere]] is the older verb, used mainly from Plautus to Virgil, and was replaced by the second-conjugation form, which spread from derivatives such as [[m|la|fervēscō|alt=fervēscere]] and [[fervidus]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates ''fervēre'' from Varro and the older ''fervere'' from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC and Varro 116–27 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to be intensely hot, to boil, and of the body to be warm with life, of things to reek with blood.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of seas and rivers it meant to seethe, of crowds and bees to swarm or be busy, and of people to be fired with passion or anger.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein distinguishes ''fervidus'', heat near boiling, from [[calidus]], moderate warmth.^(Döderlein 1874) Lucilius condemned the second-conjugation form and Quintilian the third.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It survives in Italian ''fervere'', Spanish ''hervir'' and Romanian ''fierbe''.^(Wiktionary) Its participle gave [[en|fervent]] in the mid-14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses ''fervere''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato has ''infervēre''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of seething seas.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English ''fervent'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be intensely hot, [[m|en|boil]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # To be warm with life; to reek (with blood).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of seas, rivers)'' To [[m|en|seethe]], be turbulent.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be busy, [[m|en|swarm]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be fired with passion or excitement.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnferveō]]

+ * [[dēferveō]]

+ * [[efferveō]]

+ * [[fermentum]]

+ * [[fervefaciō]]

+ * [[fervēns]]

+ * [[fervēscō]]

+ * [[fervidus]]

+ * [[fervō]]

+ * [[fervor]]

+ * [[īnferveō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēfrutum]]

+ * [[en|fervent]]

+ * [[en|ferment]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}