dynamic English · revision 6048

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1817|origins=grc δύναμις}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /daɪˈnæm.ɪk/, /dɪˈnæm.ɪk/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|dynamique]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998) a word introduced by the German philosopher Leibniz in 1691,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) from New Latin [[m|la-new|dynamicus]] or German [[m|de|dynamisch]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024) both from [[grc|δυναμικός|tr=dunamikós|t=powerful]],^(Hoad 1986)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[m|grc|δύναμις|tr=dúnamis|t=power, strength]], from [[m|grc|δύναμαι|tr=dúnamai|t=to be able, to have power]],^(Hoad 1986)^(Etymonline) which is of uncertain origin.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Of energy or force: 1817, in Coleridge's ''Biographia Literaria'', in Barnhart;^(Barnhart 1988) MWU dates its first known use to 1799,^(MWU 2024) and Etymonline has it by 1812, of mechanical forces not in equilibrium, force producing motion as opposed to [[static]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word began in physics, of force that produces motion,^(NODE 1998)^(OED 1989) and the science of [[dynamics]] is named from it (18th century).^(Hoad 1986) The figurative sense of active, energetic or forceful, chiefly of people, is from 1856, in Emerson.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) The noun, an energetic or motive force, is from 1894,^(Etymonline) and the sense of a pattern of interaction between people or forces, as in ''group dynamic'', is by 1978.^(Etymonline) In music the word refers to variation in loudness,^(AHD)^(Collins 2023) and in computing a dynamic memory needs its contents refreshed periodically.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1691 – French dynamique, coined by Leibniz.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1799 – first known use in English, according to MWU.^(MWU 2024)

+ * 1817 – in Coleridge.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1856 – energetic, forceful, in Emerson.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1894 – the noun, a motive force.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1978 – a pattern of interaction.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or relating to [[energy]] or to forces that produce [[motion]], as opposed to [[static]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Marked by continuous change, activity or progress.^(AHD)

+ # Full of energy, drive and new ideas; forceful.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(music)'' Of or relating to variation in loudness.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(computing)'' Of a [[memory]], needing its contents to be refreshed periodically.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A system or process of interaction, especially between competing forces.^(AHD)

+ # A driving force, especially a political, social or psychological one.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dynamically]]

+ * [[adynamic]]

+ * [[aerodynamic]]

+ * [[biodynamic]]

+ * [[Dymaxion]]

+ * [[dynamism]]

+ * [[DRAM]]

+ * [[electrodynamic]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dynamics]]

+ * [[dynamo]]

+ * [[dynamite]]

+ * [[dynasty]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}