probrum Latin · revision 6022

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *bʰer-}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''probrum''' ''n'' (genitive probrī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*pro-fr-o-]], originally an adjective [[ine-pro|*pro-bʰr-o-|t=what is brought up against someone]], from the root [[ine-pro|*bʰer-|t=to carry]] of [[ferō]] with the prefix *pro-.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Cognate with [[sa|प्रभर्|tr=pra-bhar-|t=to bring forward]] and [[ae|fra-bar-|t=to bring, offer]].^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD and Lewis and Short compare [[prōferō]] and [[grc|προφέρω|tr=prophérō|t=to bring forward, reproach]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius, who urges people to honour their country at home rather than commit misdeeds abroad.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant anything said in abuse, a reproach or insult, then disgrace, shame, ''probrō esse'' “to be a disgrace”, and an act deserving reproach, a misdeed or offence.^(OLD 2012) In particular it meant unchastity, adultery or incest, as Festus says the ''probrum'' of a Vestal Virgin was punished by death, and Accius uses it together with ''stuprum''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Döderlein contrasts it, a reproach of shameful conduct, with [[maledictum]], any injurious utterance.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it of misdeeds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of insults and disgrace.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of shameful acts.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|reproach]], insult, abuse.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Disgrace]], shame.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A shameful act, misdeed; unchastity, adultery.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exprobrō]]

+ * [[probrōsus]]

+ * [[opprobrō]]

+ * [[probrus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ferō]]

+ * [[en|opprobrium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}