sons Latin · revision 6018

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₁es-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsõːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsɔns]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sōns''' (genitive sontis); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sont-|t=being]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁s-ónt-s|t=existing, real]], the present participle of the root [[ine-pro|*h₁es-|t=to be]] of [[sum]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[hit|ašant-|t=true, real]], [[sa|सन्त्|tr=sánt|t=being, real]], [[grc|ὤν|tr=ṓn|t=being]] and [[en|sooth]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The original sense “being, real” survives in [[sonticus]] “real, genuine”, said of a disease or excuse.^(de Vaan 2008) The sense “guilty” comes from “the one who it is, the real one”, the same development as [[en|sin]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant guilty, criminal, and as a noun a guilty person, as Virgil's Mezentius who wishes he had given his guilty life.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Festus glosses it ''nocēns'', harmful, as against ''īnsōns'', innocent, and by transfer it was used of things associated with guilt, as poison.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) The nominative singular is known only from grammarians.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant guilty or sinful, a sinner, and as a neuter noun guilt, sin.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil's Mezentius speaks of his guilty life.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Guilty]], criminal.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Harmful.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' [[m|en|Sinful]].^(DMLBS)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A guilty person, ''(Medieval Latin)'' a sinner.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[īnsōns]]

+ * [[sonticus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sum]]

+ * [[en|sooth]]

+ * [[en|sin]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}