frendo Latin · revision 5922

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfrɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfrɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''frendō''' (present infinitive frendere, perfect active frenduī, supine frēsum or fressum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χwrend-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*gʷʰrend(ʰ)-e/o-|t=to grind]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[ang|grindan|t=to grind]], [[lt|grę́sti|t=to plane, scour]] and [[non|grandi|t=sandbank]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan notes that Germanic needs *dʰ but Baltic *d, so the words cannot be united under one certain form; they may be different suffixes to a root *gʷʰren-.^(de Vaan 2008) The adjective [[nefrēns]] “not grinding its teeth”, of a young pig, is odd, since one expects *infrend-.^(de Vaan 2008)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to grind or gnash the teeth in rage, ''dentibus frendere'', as Cicero's verse and Virgil's Proteus gnashing his teeth, and Livy's Hannibal who gnashed his teeth at being recalled.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It also meant to grind corn or beans into meal, or to crunch with the teeth.^(OLD 2012) It is found in both the third and second conjugations.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

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+ Its descendants include [[es|fresar]] and [[ca|fresar]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil's Proteus gnashes his teeth.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy's Hannibal gnashes his teeth.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|gnash]] one's teeth in rage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|grind]] (corn, beans) into meal; to crunch.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfrensus]]

+ * [[frendor]]

+ * [[īnfrendō]]

+ * [[nefrēns]]

+ * [[suffrendens]]

+ * [[frendēscō]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|grind]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}