vexo Latin · revision 5894
16 Oct 2026, 04:12 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=Cato}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwɛk.soː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvɛk.so]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''vexō''' (present infinitive vexāre, perfect active vexāvī, supine vexātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ Its origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan suggests it is an iterative built on a participle [[m|la|*vexus|t=moved]] of [[vehō]] “to carry”, of the type [[flexō]] and [[nexō]], the participle also found in [[convexus]] and [[dēvexus]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Alternatively it may be an s-present *weg-s- independent of [[m|la|-vexus]].^(de Vaan 2008) Lewis and Short and Gaffiot call it the intensive of ''vehō'', meaning first to shake or jolt in carrying.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan dates it from Cato, who says Hannibal tore and ravaged Italy.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to shake, toss or buffet violently, a sense Gellius discusses, then to attack constantly, harry, and to ravage a country.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of illness and disorder it meant to afflict, trouble, and of people to harass, distress, persecute, as Cicero's Verres who so vexed the farmers that they had to buy grain.^(OLD 2012) It also meant to disturb or upset affairs and institutions, and to criticize, attack in words.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ [[en|vex]] “upset, anger” came through Old French in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato says Hannibal ravaged Italy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero says Verres harassed the farmers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius discusses the force of the word.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''vex'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To shake, toss, [[m|en|buffet]] violently.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To attack constantly, [[m|en|harry]]; to ravage (a country).^(OLD 2012)
+ # (Of illness) to afflict, trouble.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To [[m|en|harass]], distress, persecute.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To disturb, upset (affairs).^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[vexātiō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[convexus]]
+ * [[vehō]]
+ * [[en|vex]]
+ * [[en|vexation]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}