Mars Latin · revision 5891

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=Twelve Tables}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmaːrs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmars]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Mārs''' ''m sg'' (genitive Mārtis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is unknown.^(Etymonline)^(Köbler 2010) The Lapis Satricanus has the dative [[m|la|Mamartei]], and [[osc|Mamert-]] agrees with it, so de Vaan takes *māmart- as the oldest form, against Walde and Hofmann, who started from [[Māvors]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) He traces a change *māmart- > *māu̯ort- > [[m|la|Mārt-]], but the change of /m/ to /w/ is isolated, so he considers a foreign origin.^(de Vaan 2008) The forms [[m|la|Marmar]] and [[m|la|Marmor]] of the Carmen Arvale are not reliable.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler notes that the original function of the god is also unclear.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Old Latin inscriptions, and Köbler from the Twelve Tables, about 450 BC.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Mars was an ancient Italian god, originally linked with agriculture but in classical times always the god of war, father of Romulus and of the Roman people, and identified with Ares.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Etymonline) His name stood for warfare and fighting, a manner of fighting, martial prowess, ''suō Marte'' “by one's own strength”, warlike spirit, the fortune of battle, and an army or forces.^(OLD 2012) The ''stella Martis'' was the planet Mars, and the first month of the old year, [[Mārtius]], was named after him.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

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+ [[en|Mars]] is recorded about 1300 as the planet and in the late 14th century as the god.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables name him.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero names the planet Mars.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of bloody war.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''Mars'' is recorded of the planet.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Proper noun===

+ # [[m|en|Mars]], god of war.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Warfare]], battle; the fortune of war.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Martial prowess; warlike spirit.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An army, forces.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The planet Mars.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Māvors]]

+ * [[Mārtius]]

+ * [[en|martial]]

+ * [[en|March]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}