polluo Latin · revision 5838

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=ine-pro *lewH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpɔl.lu.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɔl.lu.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''polluō''' (present infinitive polluere, perfect active polluī, supine pollūtum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|por-|*luō|t2=to soil]], from Proto-Italic *lowe/o- or *lawe/o- and [[ine-pro|*leu-e/o-]] or *lHu-e/o- “to soil”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) Apart from this verb, the other languages have only nouns from the root: [[lutum]] “mud”, [[grc|λῦμα|tr=lûma|t=dirt]] and [[sga|loth|t=mud]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The long /ū/ of the participle [[m|la|pollūtum]] may follow the pattern of other verbs in ⟨-uere⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Cicero, who speaks of parricides who would pollute the sea.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to make foul or dirty, as Virgil's Harpies fouling the feast, a use Lewis and Short call very rare.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) More often it meant to make ceremonially impure, to violate or degrade by immoral action, and to defile by illicit intercourse, as Catullus' maiden who has lost her flower.^(OLD 2012) Nigidius, quoted by Isidore, uses it of breaking a fast.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein contrasts [[contāminō]], defilement as corruption, with [[inquinō]], defilement as ugliness.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ [[en|pollute]] “to defile, render ceremonially unclean” appeared in the late 14th century, and the sense “to make physically foul” came later.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of parricides polluting the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of a girl's defiled body.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil's Harpies foul the feast.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''pollute'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make [[m|en|foul]], soil, stain.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make ceremonially impure, [[m|en|pollute]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To violate, degrade by immoral action.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|defile]] by illicit intercourse.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To break (a fast).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pollūbrum]]

+ * [[pollūtiō]]

+ * [[pollūtrīx]]

+ * [[pollūtus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lutum]]

+ * [[luēs]]

+ * [[en|pollute]]

+ * [[en|pollution]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}