fraus Latin · revision 5834

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Twelve Tables}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfrau̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfrau̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fraus''' ''f'' (genitive fraudis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*frawV-]], of uncertain origin.^(de Vaan 2008) Schrijver derives it from a root [[ine-pro|*dʰru-]], seen in [[sa|ध्रुति|tr=dhrúti|t=deception]] and [[ae|drāuuaiiāt̰|t=will deceive]], with a suffix that remains unclear.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline) Szemerényi derived it from *dʰreugʰ- “to deceive”, the root of [[goh|triogan|t=to deceive]], but de Vaan finds the sound changes he needs ad hoc.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) [[frūstrā]] “in vain” is from the same base, and [[xum|frosetom|t=made void?]] may be related.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) The old dative [[m|la|frūdī]] in Lucretius shows a variant stem.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates them to about 450 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its oldest sense was harm, damage, danger, ''sine fraude'' “without harm”, then liability to punishment, and wrongdoing, a crime.^(OLD 2012) From there it came to mean dishonest conduct, deceit, guile, a fraud or trick, as Plautus' man “full of fraud, crime and perjury”, and fraudulent evasion of a law, ''legī fraudem facere''.^(OLD 2012) It also meant a delusion of the mind, in the phrase ''in fraudem incidere''.^(OLD 2012) Cicero names Fraus as a personified deity.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ [[en|fraud]] came through Old French in the mid-14th century, and the word was already used in Anglo-Latin in the mid-13th.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of guile and of evading a law.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has the dative ''frūdī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|fraud]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Harm]], damage, danger, ''sine fraude'', unharmed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Liability to punishment.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Wrongdoing, an offence, a crime.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Deceit]], guile; a [[m|en|fraud]], trick.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Fraudulent evasion (of a law or obligation).^(OLD 2012)

+ # A delusion, snare of the mind.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fraudiger]]

+ * [[fraudō]]

+ * [[fraudulentus]]

+ * [[fraudātiō]]

+ * [[fraudātor]]

+ * [[fraudātōrius]]

+ * [[fraudulenter]]

+ * [[fraudulentia]]

+ * [[fraudulōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fraudor]]

+ * [[frūstrā]]

+ * [[en|fraud]]

+ * [[en|frustrate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}