umbo Latin · revision 5796
16 Oct 2026, 03:33 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *h₃nbʰ-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈʊm.boː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈum.bo]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''umbō''' ''m'' (genitive umbōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*omb-n-]], from [[ine-pro|*h₃nbʰ-n-|t=hub, navel]], either an Italic formation from a root noun or an innovation shared with Germanic.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[goh|ambon|t=belly]].^(de Vaan 2008) [[umbilīcus]] “navel” and [[grc|ὀμφαλός|tr=omphalós|t=navel, boss]] are from the same root, as is [[en|navel]].^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Ennius, whose shield-boss rings with spear shafts.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It was the boss of a shield, and by synecdoche a shield, as Virgil's men who wield shields.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) By transfer it meant any protuberance, as the bosses of a gem in Pliny and a jutting rock.^(OLD 2012) It was also the bunch formed by the folds of the toga across the chest, and so the toga itself, as in Persius and Martial.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ [[en|umbo]] “boss of a shield” was borrowed in 1721, and later used it for other round projections.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius' shield-boss rings with spears.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a shield.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of the bosses of a gem.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1721 – English ''umbo'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # The [[m|en|boss]] of a shield; a [[m|en|shield]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ # A protuberance, knob.^(OLD 2012)
+ # The fold of the toga across the chest; the toga.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[umbilicus]]
+ * [[en|navel]]
+ * [[en|umbo]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}