grossus Latin · revision 5743

16 Oct 2026, 03:24 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=Cato}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡrɔs.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡrɔs.sus]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''grossus''' (feminine grossa, neuter grossum, comparative grossior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ Its origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) The comparison with [[cy|bras|t=thick]] does not work, since that word goes back to *bʰrs-t/so-.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary suggests it was a colloquial word, often compared with [[crassus]] “thick”, and notes that the noun ''grossus'' “unripe fig” may be the same word.^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The noun “unripe fig” is found from Cato; the adjective “thick” from Columella.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC and Columella to the 1st century AD.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ The adjective meant thick, coarse, and in later Latin it became common, as Cassiodorus' thick staff and the Vulgate's thicker garment.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Medieval Latin used it of a stout body, of the heavy timber as opposed to branches, and of the great tithe.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ It was inherited by every Romance language, as [[it|grosso]], [[fr|gros]] and [[es|grueso]], with the senses “big, thick, coarse”.^(DÉRom) Old French ''gros'' gave [[en|gross]] in the mid-14th century, and German ''Groschen'' goes back to ''(denārius) grossus'' “thick penny”.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses the noun of unripe figs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses the adjective “thick”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 490–583 AD – Cassiodorus speaks of a thick staff.^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ * mid-14th century – English ''gross'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # (Late Latin) [[m|en|Thick]], [[m|en|coarse]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Stout, heavy, ''decima grossa'', the great tithe.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ===Noun===
+ # An unripe or abortive [[m|en|fig]].^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[grossulus]]
+ * [[grossitās]]
+ * [[grossitūdō]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[crassus]]
+ * [[en|gross]]
+ * [[en|grocer]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}