survival English · revision 5734

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1598}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /səˈvaɪ.vəl/, US /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|en|survive|-al]].^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Continuing to live after some event, outliving: 1598 in the OED and MWU, the 1590s in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Something that continues to exist after others of its kind have gone, such as an old custom or belief, is from 1716,^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) and continuance after the end of something else from 1820.^(OED 1989) ''Survival of the fittest'' (1864) was used by Herbert Spencer in place of Darwin's “natural selection”.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) The ability to stay alive in harsh conditions, and compounds such as ''survival kit'' and ''survival course'', are from the late 1960s and early 1970s.^(OED 1989) Other nouns from survive were survivance (1620s) and survivorship (1620s), the latter mostly legal.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1598 – outliving.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1716 – something that survives.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1820 – continuance after something ends.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1864 – ''survival of the fittest''.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1971 – ''survival kit'' and other compounds.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act or fact of continuing to live or [[exist]], especially despite danger or difficulty.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Something, such as an old [[custom]] or belief, that has survived from an earlier time.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nonsurvival]]

+ * [[survivalist]]

+ * [[survivalism]]

+ * [[survival kit]]

+ * [[survival of the fittest]]

+ * [[survival value]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[survive]]

+ * [[survivor]]

+ * [[revive]]

+ * [[vital]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}