invitus Latin · revision 5732

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *weyh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪnˈwiː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iɱˈviː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''invītus''' (feminine invīta, neuter invītum, superlative invītissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*n̥-wīto-|t=unwilling]], [[inh|ine-pro|*n̥-wih₁-to-|t=not turned to, not pursuing]], with the negative prefix and the root *weyh₁- “to pursue, strive after”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sa|वीत|tr=vītá-|t=turned to]], [[grc|ἵεμαι|tr=híemai|t=to strive after]] and [[lt|vyti|t=to chase]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The OLD connects [[vīs]] “you want”, the second person of [[volō]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus, Köbler from Ennius, whose Cassandra says Apollo stirs her to madness against her will.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was used almost like an adverb, “against one's will, unwillingly”, as Cicero's ''eum invītissimus dīmīsī'' “I let him go most reluctantly”, and in ''mē invītō'' “against my will”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Poets applied it to things thought of as having a will, as Virgil's evening star rising against the will of Olympus, and it meant done or used unwillingly.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin also used it passively, “loathsome, hard to bear”.^(Niermeyer 1976) Old French ''envis'' “unwillingly” continued it.^(Wiktionary) The similar [[invītō]] “to invite” has an uncertain origin, and [[en|invite]] comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius' Cassandra is driven to madness against her will.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero lets a man go most reluctantly.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil's evening star rises against the will of Olympus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Unwilling]], [[m|en|reluctant]], against one's will.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (poetic, of things) Unwilling.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Done or used unwillingly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Loathsome, hard to bear.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[invītō]]

+ * [[via]]

+ * [[vīs]]

+ * [[volō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}