timeo Latin · revision 5674

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=Naevius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtɪ.me.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtiː.me.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''timeō''' (present infinitive timēre, perfect active timuī); second conjugation, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is unknown.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) A connection with words for “stiff”, as [[sa|प्रस्तीम|tr=prastīma-|t=coagulated]], is hardly possible.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Linking it with *temH- “dark”, as in [[tenebrae]], makes sense but is difficult in form.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008) Plautus has “don't be afraid, my darling”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC and Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to be afraid, and with an accusative to fear someone or something, as Caesar's men feared the enemy and Cicero feared a man.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) With ''nē'' and the subjunctive it was to fear that something might happen, and with an infinitive to be afraid to do something, as Cicero's man afraid to write a name in his accounts.^(OLD 2012) With a dative it was to fear for someone.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Döderlein says ''verērī'' is fear founded on respect for what is venerable, ''metuere'' and ''timēre'' fear of a threatening evil.^(Döderlein 1874) Its adjective [[timidus]] gave [[en|timid]] in the 1540s and Medieval Latin ''timōrōsus'' gave [[en|timorous]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus says “don't be afraid”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it with an infinitive.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English ''timid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be [[m|en|afraid]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|fear]], be afraid of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fear (that), ''timeō nē'', I fear that.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be afraid (to do).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fear for (with dative).^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pertimeō]]

+ * [[praetimeō]]

+ * [[subtimeō]]

+ * [[timidus]]

+ * [[timor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[timidē]]

+ * [[timiditās]]

+ * [[timidulē]]

+ * [[timōrātus]]

+ * [[metuō]]

+ * [[vereor]]

+ * [[en|timid]]

+ * [[en|timorous]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''verērī'' (awe, respect), ''metuere'' (fear of a future evil, with deliberation) and ''timēre'' (fear as weakness).^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}