clades Latin · revision 5636

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *kelh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkɫaː.deːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈklaː.des]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''clādēs''' ''f'' (genitive clādis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*klādē-]], from [[ine-pro|*klh₂-dʰeh₁-|t=beating, destruction]], built on the root *kelh₂- “to beat”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[grc|κλάω|tr=kláō|t=to break]], [[lt|kalti|t=to beat with a hammer]] and [[ru|колоть|tr=kolotʹ|t=to split, stab]].^(de Vaan 2008) Schrijver takes it as an old compound with *dʰeh₁- “to put”, since no other language has the root with a dental.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD compares [[percellō]] “to strike down”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Pacuvius speaks of the disaster discord brings on a household.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC and Pacuvius 220–130 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a calamity or disaster of any kind, and especially a military defeat, as Livy's defeat recently suffered at Lake Regillus.^(OLD 2012) It was also physical destruction and ruin, as Cicero speaks of a ruinous disease fixed in the body, and, of persons, a scourge or pest.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Late Latin it was used for a pestilence or plague.^(Niermeyer 1976) The ''Appendix Probi'' rejects the nominative ''cladis''.^(Appendix Probi) It was borrowed as [[it|clade]], but [[en|clade]] is a 1957 coinage from Greek ''kládos'' “shoot”.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius speaks of disaster brought on a household.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy speaks of a defeat at Lake Regillus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|calamity]], [[m|en|disaster]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A military disaster, [[m|en|defeat]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Destruction, ruin.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of persons) A scourge, pest.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' A [[m|en|plague]], pestilence.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calamitās]]

+ * [[percellō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}