penna Latin · revision 5634

16 Oct 2026, 03:10 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *peth₂-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpɛn.na]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɛn.na]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''penna''' ''f'' (genitive pennae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*petnā-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*pet-n-h₂-|t=wing, feather]], from the root *peth₂- “to fly”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Old forms [[m|la|pesna]] and [[m|la|petna]] are reported by Festus.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Cognate with [[hit|𒁉𒀜𒋫𒅈|tr=pattar|t=wing]], [[sa|पत्त्र|tr=pátra-|t=wing, feather]], [[grc|πτερόν|tr=pterón|t=feather, wing]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The variant [[pinna]] may be a dialect form, and the two are confused in manuscripts.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus, Köbler from Ennius, whose eagle flies against the wind with dense wings.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ In the plural it was a wing, and in the singular a feather, as Ennius' “race adorned with feathers” or the plume of a helmet, and Ovid once uses it of a spur of land of Sicily.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein distinguishes ''āla'', the wing as a joint, from ''penna'', the wing as feathers.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Late Latin it became a quill pen for writing, the sense Niermeyer gives first, and through Old French ''pene'' it gave [[en|pen]] in the late 13th century.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Etymonline) Italian ''penne'' “quills” gave the name of the pasta, recorded in English by 1959.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius speaks of an eagle's wings.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of a spur of land.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 13th century – English ''pen'' is recorded, from the Late Latin sense “quill pen”.^(Etymonline)
+ * by 1959 – English ''penne'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|wing]] (usually plural).^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|feather]]; a plume.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A spur of land.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|quill]], writing pen.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[bipennis]]
+ * [[pennātus]]
+ * [[pennifer]]
+ * [[penniger]]
+ * [[pennipotens]]
+ * [[pennor]]
+ * [[pennula]]
+ * [[dēpennātus]]
+ * [[pennārium]]
+ * [[pennātulus]]
+ * [[pennescō]]
+ * [[pennipēs]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[pterus]]
+ * [[passer]]
+ * [[pēnis]]
+ * [[petō]]
+ * [[pinna]]
+ * [[āla]]
+ * [[en|pen]]
+ * [[en|penne]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein quotes Plautus' “my wings have no feathers” (''meae ālae pennās nōn habent'') for the difference between ''āla'' and ''penna''.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}