lividus Latin · revision 5579

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(s)leyH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈliː.wɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈliː.vi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''līvidus''' (feminine līvida, neuter līvidum, superlative līvidissimus, adverb līvidē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[līveō]] “to be bluish” with the suffix [[-idus]], or the verb is a back-formation from it.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The base continues [[itc-pro|*(s)līwo-]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)l(e/o)iH-wo-|t=plum-coloured, bluish]], and replaced an older adjective *līvos.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sga|lí|t=colour]], [[cy|lliw|t=colour]], [[ru|слива|tr=sliva|t=plum]] and [[ang|slāh|t=sloe]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant of a dull or greyish-blue colour, leaden or slate-coloured, said of marsh water in Catullus and of the waters of the underworld in Virgil.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It described bruises, black and blue from a blow, and unripe grapes in Horace.^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it meant spiteful, envious or malicious, as Horace asks “do I seem to you spiteful and biting?”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval writers used it of black, purple, blue, grey and pale shades.^(DMLBS) [[en|livid]] came from it in the early 15th century, first “bluish-leaden”.^(Etymonline) It was borrowed into [[fr|livide]] and [[it|livido]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus speaks of a leaden marsh.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of spite.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''livid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Bluish, leaden, [[m|en|livid]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Black and blue (from a blow).^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # Spiteful, [[m|en|envious]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[līvidē]]

+ * [[līvidināns]]

+ * [[līvidō]]

+ * [[līvidulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[līvēdō]]

+ * [[līvēns]]

+ * [[līventer]]

+ * [[līveō]]

+ * [[līvēscō]]

+ * [[līvor]]

+ * [[lūridus]]

+ * [[en|livid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}