cruentus Latin · revision 5575

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *krewh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kruˈɛn.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kruˈɛn.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cruentus''' (feminine cruenta, neuter cruentum, adverb cruentē or cruenter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*kruwnto-]], from [[ine-pro|*kruh₂-(e/o)nt-|t=bloody]], a derivative of the root of [[cruor]] “blood”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The closest match in form and meaning is [[ae|𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙|tr=xruuaṇt-|t=bloody]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The TLL compares [[lt|kruvìnas|t=bloody]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Ennius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Caecilius speaks of someone grunting with a bloody mouth.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant stained or mixed with blood, bloody, as Cicero's man ''cruentus sanguine cīvium''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It was used of actions involving bloodshed, of persons who delight in shedding blood, cruel and savage, and of things blood-red, as mulberries, myrtle berries and comets.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval writers used it of a bloody sword and figuratively for cruel.^(DMLBS) It survives in [[it|cruento]], [[es|cruento]] and Romanian ''crunt''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 230/220–168 BC – Caecilius speaks of a bloody mouth.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of a bloody dominion.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Bloody]], blood-stained.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Involving bloodshed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Bloodthirsty, [[m|en|cruel]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Blood-red.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cruentō]]

+ * [[incruentus]]

+ * [[subcruentus]]

+ * [[cruentē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cruentātiō]]

+ * [[cruenter]]

+ * [[cruor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes [[sanguis]], the blood circulating in the living body, from [[cruor]], blood shed from a wound, from which ''cruentus'' is formed.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}