translation English · revision 5541

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=before 1340|origins=la trānsferre}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /trænzˈleɪ.ʃən/, /trɑːnzˈleɪ.ʃən/, /trænsˈleɪ.ʃən/, US /trænzˈleɪ.ʃən/, /trænsˈleɪ.ʃən/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is Middle English translacioun, [[bor|fro|translacion]] or directly from [[la|trānslātiō|t=a carrying across, transfer]],^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024)^(SOED 2002) a noun of action from trānslātus, used as the past participle of [[m|la|trānsferre|t=to carry across, copy, translate]].^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) See [[translate]] and [[transfer]].^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Turning a text from one language into another, and the result: before 1340 in the OED, the mid-14th century in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) Transfer from one place or condition to another is from before 1350,^(OED 1989) especially moving a saint's relics to a new shrine.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Being taken up to heaven, originally without dying, as Enoch was, is from 1382 in the OED and the late 14th century in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) The moving of a bishop to another see and of a church feast to another date are from about 1530.^(OED 1989) In rhetoric it meant metaphor from 1534 to 1704.^(HTOED) In physics, motion from one place to another without rotation is from 1715.^(OED 1989)^(HTOED) Expressing something in simpler words is from 1838,^(HTOED) and in biology the conversion of genetic information into proteins from 1955.^(HTOED)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 1340 – translation of a text.^(OED 1989)

+ * before 1350 – transfer.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1382 – being taken to heaven.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1715 – in physics.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1955 – in biology.^(HTOED)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act of putting words from one [[language]] into another.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A text or speech that has been translated.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # The process of changing something into another form.^(AHD)^(HTOED)

+ # ''(physics, mathematics)'' A movement in which every point of a body moves the same distance in the same direction.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(biology)'' The process by which a [[protein]] is made from the information in messenger RNA.^(AHD)^(HTOED)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[translational]]

+ * [[translationally]]

+ * [[pretranslation]]

+ * [[retranslation]]

+ * [[machine translation]]

+ * [[loan translation]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[translate]]

+ * [[translative]]

+ * [[translator]]

+ * [[translatory]]

+ * [[untranslatability]]

+ * [[untranslatable]]

+ * [[untranslated]]

+ * [[transfer]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}