horreo Latin · revision 5510

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰers-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɔr.re.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔr.re.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''horreō''' (present infinitive horrēre, perfect active horruī); second conjugation, no supine stem, third person-only in the passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*hors-ē-|t=to be stiff]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁-|t=to be stiff, bristle]], from the root *ǵʰers- “to bristle”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sa|हृष्यति|tr=hṛ́ṣyati|t=bristles, is excited]], [[sa|हर्षते|tr=hárṣate|t=is delighted]] and [[sga|garb|t=rough]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan thinks the noun [[horror]] was derived from the verb, since the meanings go from “bristle” to “shudder”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) Ennius speaks of the bristling spears of men, and of a plain that shines and bristles with long spears.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC and Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its concrete sense was to stand stiffly erect, of hair, weapons or other points, and to be covered with them, to bristle.^(OLD 2012) From that it meant to look rough or unkempt, and to shiver or shudder, especially with cold, as the ground bristles with frost in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) As a transitive verb it meant to shudder at, dread, and to regard gods with awe.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Its derivatives [[horror]], [[horribilis]] and [[horridus]] gave [[en|horror]] (early 14th century), [[en|horrible]] (about 1300) and [[en|horrid]] (early 15th century, first “bristling”).^(Etymonline) [[abhorreō]] “to shrink back from” gave [[en|abhor]] about 1400.^(Etymonline) The verb itself survives in [[it|orrire]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius speaks of bristling spears.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero says the earth bristles with frost.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – English ''abhor'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To stand stiffly erect, [[m|en|bristle]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be covered with points, bristle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To look rough or unkempt.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|shudder]], [[m|en|shiver]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # (transitive) To shudder at, [[m|en|dread]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To regard (gods) with awe.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abhorreō]]

+ * [[adhorreo]]

+ * [[exhorreō]]

+ * [[horrentia]]

+ * [[horribilis]]

+ * [[horricomis]]

+ * [[horridus]]

+ * [[horripilō]]

+ * [[horrisonus]]

+ * [[horror]]

+ * [[inhorreō]]

+ * [[perhorreō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horridē]]

+ * [[horridulus]]

+ * [[horrificābilis]]

+ * [[horrificē]]

+ * [[horrificō]]

+ * [[horrificus]]

+ * [[horripilātiō]]

+ * [[en|horror]]

+ * [[en|abhor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}