vis Latin · revision 5459

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *wéyHs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwiːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vīs''' ''f'' (genitive vīs); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*wīs]], [[inh|ine-pro|*wiH-s|t=strength]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) It was traditionally analysed as an ''s''-stem with the root of [[vir]] “man”, but de Vaan prefers an old root noun, which explains the Greek and Latin forms better.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|ἴς|tr=ís|t=strength]], Homeric [[grc|ἶφι|tr=îphi|t=by force]] and [[sa|वयस्|tr=váyas|t=vigour]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The plural [[m|la|vīrēs]] was formed on the analogy of words like [[mōs|alt=mōrēs]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) In Plautus a slave says “force makes me confess the truth, the thongs so hurt my arms”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Livius Andronicus 280/260–before 200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was physical force used on something, especially to constrain, and so violence, including rape, unlawful force in law, violence in public life, and military force.^(OLD 2012) It was also any forceful movement, as of bulls or a storm, and with a genitive a large number of people or animals.^(OLD 2012) It was the power or influence of a person, a god or a law, and the potency of a remedy.^(OLD 2012) The plural [[m|la|vīrēs]] meant bodily strength, military strength, and resources.^(OLD 2012) Of things it meant their essence, and of words their meaning, as Cicero's ''vīs vocābulī''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Roman law separated ''vīs prīvāta'' from ''vīs pūblica'', and Isidore defines both.^(OLD 2012)^(Isidore) Medieval lawyers used the phrase ''vī et armīs'' “by force and arms”.^(DMLBS) [[en|vim]], first found in 1843, is usually said to come from its accusative [[m|la|vim]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has a slave confess under force.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore defines ''vīs prīvāta'' and ''vīs pūblica''.^(Isidore)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1843 – English ''vim'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Force]], [[m|en|violence]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' Unlawful force.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Military force.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Forceful movement, impetus.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A large number (of people or animals).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Power, influence, (of laws) binding force, (of remedies) potency.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (plural ''vīrēs'') Bodily [[m|en|strength]]; military strength; resources.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Essence (of a thing); meaning (of a word).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[violēns]]

+ * [[violentia]]

+ * [[violentus]]

+ * [[violō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vir]]

+ * [[en|vim]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Vīs'' is also the second person singular present of [[volō]] “you want”.^(Gaffiot 2016) Döderlein contrasts ''vīs'' and [[rōbur]], strength inside a person or thing, with [[potentia]] and [[potestās]], power exercised over others.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}