orbis Latin · revision 5452

16 Oct 2026, 02:42 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Cato|origins=ine-pro *h₃erbʰ-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɔr.bɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔr.bis]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''orbis''' ''m'' (genitive orbis); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ Its origin is much disputed.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan follows Weiss in deriving it from [[itc-pro|*orfi-|t=wheel]] and [[ine-pro|*h₃orbʰ-i-|t=turning thing]], from a root *h₃erbʰ- “to turn” that he finds in the verb [[hit|harp-|t=to change sides, join]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) [[orbita]] “wheel track” and [[xum|urfeta]], an object a priest holds, may go back to the same Italic form.^(de Vaan 2008) Klingenschmitt instead connected it with [[sa|अर|tr=ará|t=spoke of a wheel]], which de Vaan finds less attractive.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD calls it doubtful, and Köbler unclear.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Cato, who lists a bronze pan among farm equipment.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It was any disc-shaped object, such as a tray or pan, a wheel, a round fish, then a circle, the discs of the sun and moon, a globe, the eyeball, a ring or hoop, a circuit, and soldiers drawn up in a ring.^(OLD 2012) ''Orbis terrārum'' “the circle of lands” was the inhabited world, which the ancients pictured as surrounded by the ocean, and ''orbis'' alone came to mean a region or the world.^(OLD 2012) It was also rotation and the path of a heavenly body.^(OLD 2012) Isidore says the world is called ''orbis'' from its roundness, like a wheel.^(Isidore)
+ 
+ The ''Appendix Probi'' corrects the popular form ''orbs'' to ''orbis''.^(Appendix Probi) In medieval Latin it could be the territory of a city.^(Niermeyer 1976) [[en|orb]] came from it in the mid-15th century, and [[orbita]] gave [[en|orbit]], first the eye socket, in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato lists a bronze pan (''orbis'') on a farm.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a wheel.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore derives the name of the world from its roundness.^(Isidore)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-15th century – English ''orb'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|disc]]; a tray, a pan.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|wheel]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A [[m|en|circle]]; the disc of the sun or moon.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A sphere, globe; the eyeball.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A ring, hoop; a circuit; soldiers in a ring.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''orbis terrārum'', the inhabited [[m|en|world]]; a region.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Rotation; the [[m|en|orbit]] of a heavenly body.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The territory of a city.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[orbiculus]]
+ * [[orbīle]]
+ * [[orbita]]
+ * [[orbītus]]
+ * [[sēmiorbis]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[en|orb]]
+ * [[en|orbit]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein distinguishes ''orbis'', a circular motion or the line it describes, from [[circulus]], a flat circle, and [[gȳrus]], a curving movement.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}