tranquillus Latin · revision 5447

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=compound|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [traŋˈkʷɪl.lʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [traŋˈkʷil.lus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tranquillus''' (feminine tranquilla, neuter tranquillum, adverb tranquillē or tranquillō); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is usually explained from [[trāns]] and a form *kʷīlno- “quiet”, from the root of [[quiēs]], [[ine-pro|*kʷih₁-|t=to be quiet]], with the vowel quantity shifted.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan finds this vague in meaning, since “across” does not fit, and difficult in sound.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) In Plautus someone sails with a fair wind on a calm sea.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant calm or still, of the sea and weather, then of people behaving calmly, and of peaceful conditions.^(OLD 2012) The neuter ''tranquillum'' was calm weather or a calm sea.^(Gaffiot 2016) It was also a cognomen, best known from the historian Suetonius Tranquillus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ [[en|tranquil]] came from it, perhaps through French, in the mid-15th century, and [[tranquillitās]] gave ''tranquillity''.^(Etymonline) It was borrowed in the same way into [[fr|tranquille]] and [[it|tranquillo]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of sailing on a calm sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – the historian Suetonius bears the cognomen Tranquillus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''tranquil'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # (of the sea, weather) [[m|en|Calm]], still.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of people) Calm, [[m|en|tranquil]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of conditions) Peaceful, quiet.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tranquillitās]]

+ * [[tranquillō]]

+ * [[tranquillum]]

+ * [[tranquillē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[quiēs]]

+ * [[en|tranquil]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes [[quiēs]], absolute rest, from [[tranquillitās]], calm in acting as against haste or passion, and so groups ''tranquillus'' with [[lēnis]] and [[placidus]].^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}