spes Latin · revision 5432

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *speh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈspeːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈspɛs]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''spēs''' ''f'' (genitive speī); fifth declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*spēs]], [[inh|ine-pro|*spéh₁-s|t=prosperity]], from the root *speh₁- “to succeed, prosper”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[hit|išpai-|t=to be satiated]] and [[sa|स्फिर|tr=sphirá|t=fat]].^(de Vaan 2008) The old forms [[m|la|spērem]] and [[m|la|spērēs]] in Ennius are secondary ''s''-stem forms.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Isidore derives it from [[sum|alt=est]] [[pēs]] “there is a foot” for going forward.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) Ennius has the plural ''spērēs''.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant hope or expectation of something desired, and also expectation in a neutral sense, as in Terence's ''praeter spem'' “beyond expectation”.^(OLD 2012) It could be a prospect or promise, the object of one's hopes, and a person on whom hopes rest, as in Plautus' “O hope of my salvation”.^(OLD 2012) ''Spēs'' was also a goddess with temples in Rome, and ''Spēs Augusta'' the hope of the imperial house.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Christian Latin it was one of the three theological virtues.^(DMLBS) Related words include [[spērō]] “to hope” and [[prosperus]] “prosperous”, ''dēspērāre'' “to lose hope” gave [[en|despair]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has “O hope of my salvation”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius has the plural ''spērēs''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence has ''praeter spem''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore derives it from ''est pēs''.^(Isidore)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English ''despair'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|hope]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Expectation, ''praeter spem'', unexpectedly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A prospect, promise.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The object of one's hopes; a person in whom hopes are placed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''Spēs'', Hope personified as a goddess.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exspēs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[spērō]]

+ * [[prosperus]]

+ * [[sospes]]

+ * [[spatium]]

+ * [[en|despair]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}