lapis Latin · revision 5402

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=borrowing|attested=Naevius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɫa.pɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈlaː.pis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lapis''' ''m'' (genitive lapidis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*la/eped-]], and de Vaan considers it probably a Mediterranean loanword of the shape *lVpVd-.^(de Vaan 2008) It is related to [[xum|vapeře|t=on the stone seat]], and Wiktionary and the OLD compare [[grc|λέπας|tr=lépas|t=bare rock]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) Isidore derives it from [[laedō|alt=laedere]] [[pēs|alt=pedem]] “to hurt the foot”.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius, and Köbler from Ennius, who has the old ablative ''lapī''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a stone or pebble, a stone used as a missile, stone as a material, a block of masonry, a milestone, as in ''ad tertium lapidem'' “at the third milestone”, and a boundary stone or gravestone.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was also a precious stone and the stone platform from which slaves were sold.^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it was a dullard, as hard and insensitive as stone.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(DMLBS)

+

+ Döderlein contrasts the larger [[saxum]] and [[rūpēs]] with the smaller ''lapis''.^(Döderlein 1874) Isidore explains the Christian titles of Christ as ''lapis angulāris'' “the cornerstone” and ''lapis offēnsiōnis'' “the stone of stumbling”.^(Isidore) Its derivative [[lapidārius]] gave [[en|lapidary]], and [[dīlapidō]] gave [[en|dilapidated]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus says not to beat a stone or you will hurt your hand.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar says stone defends a wall from fire.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''lapidary'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|stone]], pebble.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Stone (as a material); a block of stone.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A [[m|en|milestone]]; a boundary stone; a gravestone.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # A precious stone, [[m|en|gem]].^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # A blockhead.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' ''lapis angulāris'', the cornerstone (Christ).^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[lapicīda]]

+ * [[lapicīdīnae]]

+ * [[lapidāris]]

+ * [[lapidārius]]

+ * [[lapideus]]

+ * [[lapidō]]

+ * [[lapidōsus]]

+ * [[lapillus]]

+ * [[lapidēscō]]

+ * [[lapiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lapidātiō]]

+ * [[lapidātor]]

+ * [[en|lapidary]]

+ * [[en|dilapidated]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}