crudus Latin · revision 5351

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *krewh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkruː.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkruː.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crūdus''' (feminine crūda, neuter crūdum, comparative crūdior, superlative crūdissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from the root [[ine-pro|*krewh₂-|t=raw flesh, blood]], the root of [[cruor]] “blood”, but its formation is disputed.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan considers [[itc-pro|*krowoþo-]], from *kreuh₂-odʰ-o-, and mentions the alternative *kruh₂-ro- with an unusual change of ⟨r⟩ to ⟨d⟩, as in [[ae|xrūra|t=bloody]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[mga|crúaid|t=hard, harsh]] and [[ang|hrēaw]] ([[en|raw]]).^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who has a cook complaining of people who serve raw vegetables.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant raw or uncooked, of food and of entrails offered without fire, and then untreated or crude, as of unbaked bricks.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of food in the stomach it meant undigested, of wounds raw or bleeding, and of fruit unripe.^(OLD 2012) Virgil's ''crūda senectūs'' was a vigorous old age.^(OLD 2012) Of people it meant fierce or savage, and of pain or punishment bitter.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Its derivative [[crūdēlis]] “cruel” gave [[en|cruel]], and [[crūditās]] meant indigestion.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) [[en|crude]] is from ''crūdus'' itself, first of coarse bread and untanned hide.^(Etymonline) It survives in [[it|crudo]] and [[fr|cru]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of raw vegetables.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero says unripe apples can hardly be pulled from the tree.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil speaks of a green old age.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''crude'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|raw]], uncooked.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Untreated, rough, crude.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Undigested.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of wounds) Raw, bleeding.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Unripe, green.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of old age) Vigorous, hardy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Fierce, savage, (of pain) bitter.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crūdārius]]

+ * [[crūdēlis]]

+ * [[crūdēscō]]

+ * [[crūditās]]

+ * [[percrūdus]]

+ * [[sēmicrūdus]]

+ * [[subcrūdus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crūdēlē]]

+ * [[crūdēlitas]]

+ * [[crūdēliter]]

+ * [[crūditātiō]]

+ * [[crūditō]]

+ * [[cruentus]]

+ * [[cruor]]

+ * [[en|crude]]

+ * [[en|cruel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}