pendo Latin · revision 5260

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=itc-pro *pend-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pendō''' (present infinitive pendere, perfect active pependī, supine pēnsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*pend-e/o-|t=to hang; to weigh]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan derives it from [[ine-pro|*(s)pend-|t=to spin]], seen as a variant of *(s)penh₁- “to spin, weave”, and mentions an alternative link with *ped- “to fall”.^(de Vaan 2008) If the first is right, it is cognate with [[lt|spę́sti|t=to set a trap]] and [[ru|пядь|tr=pjadʹ|t=span]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary gives the root as *(s)pend- “to pull; to spin”.^(Wiktionary) The OLD calls the origin doubtful.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who uses it of paying tribute.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ De Vaan traces the senses from “to make hang” to “to weigh out” and then “to pay”, since metal was weighed out in payment.^(de Vaan 2008) It meant to weigh, to have a weight of, to pay money or contributions, and, in ''poenās pendere'', to pay the penalty.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it meant to weigh up, value or consider, as in ''magnī pendere'' “to value highly”, and ''nihil pēnsī habēre'' “to have no scruples”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The related stative verb [[pendeō]] “to hang” and the noun [[pondus]] “weight” come from the same stem.^(de Vaan 2008) Its derivatives include [[pēnsum]] “a day's spinning”, [[pēnsiō]] “payment”, the source of [[en|pension]], and many compounds such as [[expendō]] and [[impendō]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of paying tribute and paying the penalty.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero says that in a real matter words are not weighed.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''pension'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|weigh]], weigh out.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To have a weight of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To pay (money, tribute); to render (services).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''poenās pendere'', to pay the [[m|en|penalty]]; to suffer (punishment).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To weigh up, value, consider, ''magnī'' / ''parvī pendere'', to value highly / little.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''nihil pēnsī habēre'', to have no scruples.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[appendō]]

+ * [[compendō]]

+ * [[dēpendō]]

+ * [[dispendō]]

+ * [[expendō]]

+ * [[impendō]]

+ * [[pēnsiō]]

+ * [[pēnsō]]

+ * [[pensor]]

+ * [[pēnsum]]

+ * [[pensūra]]

+ * [[perpendō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pendeō]]

+ * [[pondus]]

+ * [[sponda]]

+ * [[en|pension]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}