claudo Latin · revision 5257

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Cato|origins=ine-pro *kleh₂u-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkɫau̯.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈklaːu̯.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''claudō''' (present infinitive claudere, perfect active clausī, supine clausum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*klaud-e/o-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kleh₂u-d-|t=to shut]], from the root of [[clāvis]] “key” and [[clāvus]] “nail”.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan allows that it may instead be a derivative of a *d-stem of those nouns.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|κλείω|tr=kleíō|t=to shut]] and [[grc|κλείς|tr=kleís|t=bar, key]], and perhaps [[goh|sliozan|t=to close]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The TLL calls the origin not quite clear; it takes [[m|la|clūdō]] as the original form, with the ⟨au⟩ taken over from ''clāvis''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan notes that the simple verb is first found in Cato, though Plautus already has compounds.^(de Vaan 2008) Cato says dogs should be shut up by day.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cato 234–149 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to shut doors and gates, to close a building or a container, to close the eyes, especially in death, and to close a route or exit.^(OLD 2012) It also meant to shut people or animals in, to stop a flow or the breath, to keep thoughts secret, to surround or hide something, and in war to blockade a place.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it meant to limit or to end something.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In compounds the form is ''-clūdō'', as in [[conclūdō]], [[exclūdō]] and [[inclūdō]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline) Its participle ''clausus'' gave Old French ''clos'' and [[en|close]] (c. 1200), and the noun ''clausula'' “end” led to [[en|clause]].^(Etymonline) It also survives in [[it|chiudere]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato says dogs should be shut up by day.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro advises keeping doors and windows shut.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of closing the sea exits.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''close'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To close, [[m|en|shut]] (doors, gates, a building, a container, the eyes).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To block (an exit or approach).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To shut up, [[m|en|confine]] (people, animals).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To stop (a flow, the breath); to keep (thoughts) secret.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To surround, cover, hide; to bury.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (military) To [[m|en|blockade]], hem in.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To limit; to end, finish.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circumclūdō]]

+ * [[claustrum]]

+ * [[clausūra]]

+ * [[clūsāris]]

+ * [[clūsilis]]

+ * [[clūsor]]

+ * [[conclūdō]]

+ * [[dēclūdō]]

+ * [[disclūdō]]

+ * [[exclūdō]]

+ * [[extracludo]]

+ * [[inclūdō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[claustellum]]

+ * [[claustra]]

+ * [[claustrārius]]

+ * [[clāvis]]

+ * [[clāvus]]

+ * [[en|close]]

+ * [[en|clause]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A different verb ''claudō'' (also ''claudeō'') “to limp”, from [[claudus]] “lame”, is used mostly figuratively, of things that go badly.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}