gradior Latin · revision 5256

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=itc-pro *grad-(e)i-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡra.di.ɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡraː.di.or]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gradior''' (present infinitive gradī, perfect active gressus sum); third (-iō variant) conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*grad-(e)i-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*g(ʰ)rd(ʰ)-(e)i-]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sga|do·greinn|t=chases]] and [[wlm|grynnyaw|t=to press, thrust]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The traditional comparison with [[cu|грѧсти|tr=gręsti|t=to come]] and [[got|𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃|tr=griþs|t=step]] is doubted.^(Wiktionary) The noun [[gradus]] “step” and the frequentative [[grassor]] belong to the same stem.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus, who also has fourth-conjugation forms such as ''adgredīmur''.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to step, walk or proceed, often in a stately or deliberate way, and in particular to move on foot, as opposed to crawling or flying.^(OLD 2012) Cicero contrasts animals that walk with those that crawl.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan thinks it was first used mostly with prefixes, in compounds such as [[aggredior]] “to approach, attack”, [[ēgredior]] “to go out” and [[prōgredior]] “to go forward”.^(de Vaan 2008) These are the sources of [[en|aggression]] and [[en|progress]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''adgredīmur''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero contrasts animals that walk with those that crawl.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''progress'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To step, walk, [[m|en|proceed]], especially in a stately way.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To move on foot (as opposed to crawling or flying).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ēgredior]]

+ * [[gradātiō]]

+ * [[gradilis]]

+ * [[gradus]]

+ * [[grassor]]

+ * [[gressiō]]

+ * [[gressus]]

+ * [[altegradius]]

+ * [[herbigradus]]

+ * [[retrōgradior]]

+ * [[spissigradus]]

+ * [[tardigradus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gradātim]]

+ * [[en|progress]]

+ * [[en|aggression]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein groups it with [[eō]] and [[meō]], the general words for going.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}