mutuus Latin · revision 5195
16 Oct 2026, 02:06 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Naevius|origins=itc-pro *moito-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmuː.tu.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmuː.tu.us]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''mūtuus''' (feminine mūtua, neuter mūtuum, adverb mūtuō); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|la|mūtō|-uus]], from [[m|la|mūtō|t=to change, exchange]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives both from a noun [[itc-pro|*moito-|t=object of exchange]], perhaps *h₂moi-to- from a root “to exchange”, or *moith₂-o- from *mith₂-; he links it with [[mūnus]].^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler gives Pokorny's root *mei- “to change”.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Its first sense was “on loan”, of money or grain, originally without interest, as in ''mūtuum sūmere'' “to borrow” and ''mūtuum dare'' “to lend”; as a noun ''mūtuum'' was a loan.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It then meant reciprocal, felt or done by each towards the other, done in return, and belonging to each other, with phrases such as ''per mūtua'' “with one another”.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In medieval British Latin it still meant money given on loan.^(DMLBS) Through Old French ''mutuel'' it gave [[en|mutual]] in the late 15th century.^(Etymonline) It survives in [[it|mutuo]] and [[es|mutuo]].^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has a man begging for a loan.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of mutual services.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 15th century – English ''mutual'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # On [[m|en|loan]], borrowed, lent, ''mūtuum sūmere'', to borrow.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # [[m|en|mutual]], reciprocal.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Done in return, corresponding.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Of or belonging to each other, ''per mūtua'', with one another.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ===Noun===
+ # ''mūtuum'', a loan.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[mūtuārius]]
+ * [[mutuum]]
+ * [[prōmūtuus]]
+ * [[mūtuē]]
+ * [[mūtuiter]]
+ * [[mūtuō]]
+ * [[mūtuor]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[mūtō]]
+ * [[meō]]
+ * [[mittō]]
+ * [[mūnus]]
+ * [[en|mutual]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}