quadrum Latin · revision 5183
16 Oct 2026, 01:53 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
Initial text
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=ine-pro *kʷetwóres}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkʷa.drũː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkʷaː.drum]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''quadrum''' ''n'' (genitive quadrī); second declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[quadrus]] “square”, from [[quattuor]] “four”.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan reconstructs ''quattuor'' as [[itc-pro|*kwetwōr]], from [[ine-pro|*kʷétuōr|t=four]], and follows Schrijver in explaining ''quadr-'' by voicing of /t/ before a consonant cluster in [[m|la|quadr-]].^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler gives Cicero first,^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of bringing sentences into a square, that is, into proper form.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It was a square or square section, as poles hewn square in Columella.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively Cicero uses ''in quadrum redigere'' of giving sentences a well-balanced, rounded form.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) It also meant a regular shape, and in New Latin a computer screen.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ It survives in [[it|quadro]] and [[ro|codru]].^(Wiktionary) [[it|squadra|t=square]], through ''squadrone'', gave [[en|squadron]], and Vulgar Latin *exquadrāre gave [[en|square]].^(Köbler 2010)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of bringing sentences into form.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of poles hewn square.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-13th century – English ''square'' is recorded, from Vulgar Latin ''*exquadrāre''.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|square]]; a square section.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(figurative)'' Proper form, symmetry.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ # ''(New Latin)'' A computer screen.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[quadrīnus]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[quadra]]
+ * [[quadrātus]]
+ * [[quadrus]]
+ * [[quattuor]]
+ * [[en|square]]
+ * [[en|squad]]
+ * [[en|quadrant]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}