anima Latin · revision 5160

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *h₂enh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈa.nɪ.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.ni.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''anima''' ''f'' (genitive animae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It belongs with [[animus]] “mind, spirit”, [[inh|itc-pro|*anamo-|t=breath, spirit]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-mo-|t=breath]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Cognate with [[osc|anamúm|t=breath, courage]], [[sga|anim|t=soul]] and [[grc|ἄνεμος|tr=ánemos|t=wind]].^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler connects the root [[ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-|t=to breathe]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan finds it first in Naevius,^(de Vaan 2008) where a character has only a tiny bit of breath left.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was the air breathed, the breath, and so breathing as the sign of life, ''animam agere'' was to be at one's last gasp.^(OLD 2012) From this it meant life itself, a single person's life and a vital spot, animal life, the vital principle and the soul as opposed to the body, and the disembodied spirit or ghost of the dead.^(OLD 2012) As the thing a person values most, it became a term of endearment, “my life, my darling”.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein distinguishes ''anima'', the soul as the principle of animal life that ends with the breath, from ''animus'', the principle of moral personality.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Christian Latin it was the soul, and in medieval documents the plural ''animae'' counted persons.^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976) The DÉRom reconstructs Proto-Romance */ˈanima/ with the senses soul, heart and stomach.^(DÉRom) It gave [[fr|âme]], [[es|alma]], [[it|anima]] and [[ro|inimă|t=heart]].^(Wiktionary)^(DÉRom) Jung used English ''anima'' from 1923 for the inner part of the personality.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it of breath.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius says the earth gives the body and the ether the soul.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of calling up the souls of the dead.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Middle Ages – ''animae'' is used to count persons.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ * 1923 – Jung's term ''anima'' is recorded in English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|breath]], air breathed, ''animam agere'', to breathe one's last.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Breath as the sign of life; life; consciousness.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Animal life; the vital principle (also of plants).^(OLD 2012)

+ # The [[m|en|soul]] as opposed to the body.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A disembodied spirit, [[m|en|ghost]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(as an endearment)'' Life, darling.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, plural)'' Persons, people.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[animadvertō]]

+ * [[animal]]

+ * [[animālis]]

+ * [[animō]]

+ * [[animula]]

+ * [[exanimis]]

+ * [[inanimis]]

+ * [[inanimus]]

+ * [[sēmianimis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[animātiō]]

+ * [[animātus]]

+ * [[animus]]

+ * [[en|animal]]

+ * [[en|animate]]

+ * [[en|anima]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}