defendo Latin · revision 5136

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 450 BC (Twelve Tables)|origins=ine-pro *gʷʰen-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [deːˈfɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [deˈfɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēfendō''' (present infinitive dēfendere, perfect active dēfendī, supine dēfēnsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|dē-|*fendō|t1=from, away|t2=to strike]], a verb [[m|la|*fendō|alt=*fendere]] found only in compounds such as [[offendō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Etymonline) The OLD derives *fendō from *gʷʰen-d(h)ō, from the root [[ine-pro|*gʷʰen-|t=to strike, kill]], and compares [[sa|हन्ति|tr=hánti|t=strikes]], [[grc|φόνος|tr=phónos|t=murder]] and [[sga|gonaid|t=wounds, kills]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The TLL thinks its outside connections are not settled.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Twelve Tables already use it of a man who defends himself with a weapon.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates them to about 450 BC.^(Köbler 2010) Ennius has “save the citizens, ward off the enemy”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was to ward or fend off weapons, enemies, cold or heat.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From this it meant to act in defence of a person or place, to protect from harm, to plead for someone in court, and to uphold or justify an opinion or action.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein distinguishes ''dēfendere'', protecting against an actual attack, from [[tueor|alt=tuērī]], guarding against possible danger.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ It survives in [[it|difendere]], [[fr|défendre]] and [[es|defender]], and through Old French ''defendre'' [[en|defend]] is recorded in the mid-13th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of a man defending himself with a weapon.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of warding off the enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of pleading for someone in court.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-13th century – English ''defend'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|ward off]], fend off.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|defend]], protect.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To protect from harm (fire, weather, etc.).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To speak in defence of, plead for (in court).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To uphold, [[m|en|justify]] (an opinion or action).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfēnsa]]

+ * [[defensibilis]]

+ * [[dēfēnsiō]]

+ * [[dēfēnsō]]

+ * [[dēfēnsor]]

+ * [[dēfenstrix]]

+ * [[indēfēnsus]]

+ * [[dēfēnsitō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[offendō]]

+ * [[en|defend]]

+ * [[en|defense]]

+ * [[en|fend]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}