expendo Latin · revision 5127
16 Oct 2026, 01:42 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(s)pend-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛkˈspɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ekˈspɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''expendō''' (present infinitive expendere, perfect active expendī, supine expēnsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|la|ex-|pendō|t1=out|t2=to weigh, pay]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The verb ''pendō'' is [[inh|itc-pro|*pend-e/o-|t=to hang, weigh]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)pend-]], a root most handbooks regard as a variant of *(s)penh₁- “to spin”.^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Plautus uses it: a character says he has weighed someone and knows he weighs a hundred pounds.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Its first sense was to weigh out, and so to pay out money.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) It also meant to confer praise or inflict punishment, to pay a penalty, and to judge or estimate.^(OLD 2012) Cicero says he weighs his arguments rather than counting them.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ A shortened Medieval Latin ''spendere'' gave Old English ''-spendan'' and [[en|spend]].^(Etymonline) The verb survives in [[it|spendere]], and [[en|expend]] is recorded in the early 15th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of weighing a person.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it of Prometheus paying the penalty to Jupiter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of weighing arguments.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * early 15th century – English ''expend'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To [[m|en|weigh]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # To pay out, disburse (money).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To confer (praise); to inflict (punishment).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To pay (a penalty).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To weigh in the mind, [[m|en|judge]], estimate.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[expensa]]
+ * [[expensio]]
+ * [[expensum]]
+ * [[expēnsē]]
+ * [[expēnsus]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[pendō]]
+ * [[pondus]]
+ * [[en|expend]]
+ * [[en|expense]]
+ * [[en|spend]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}