penalty English · revision 5098

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1512|origins=la-med poenalitas}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈpen.əl.ti/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fro|penalite]] and directly from [[la-med|poenālitās|alt=penalitas]],^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024)^(Klein 1966) probably through Anglo-Norman French,^(NODE 1998) from Latin poenālis “relating to punishment”,^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from poena “punishment, pain”.^(NODE 1998)^(Klein 1966) It is related to [[penal]], [[pain]] and [[punish]].^(Etymonline)^(Klein 1966)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A punishment for breaking a law, rule or contract: 1512 in the OED, about 1500 in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) MWU dates its first known use to the 15th century.^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Pain or suffering, a rare sense, is from 1513 and obsolete.^(OED 1989) ''On penalty of'' is from 1560.^(OED 1989) The figurative sense, a disadvantage resulting from an action, is from 1664.^(OED 1989) In sport, a disadvantage imposed for breaking the rules is by 1885, and a ''penalty kick'' or ''penalty goal'' from 1905.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) In bridge, points added to the opponents' score are from 1908,^(OED 1989) and the ''penalty box'' in ice hockey is by 1931.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1512 – a legal punishment.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1664 – a resulting disadvantage.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1885 – in sport.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1905 – ''penalty kick''.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1931 – ''penalty box''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A punishment for breaking a law or rule, especially a fine.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A disadvantage or unpleasant result of an action or situation.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(sports)'' A disadvantage given to a player or team for breaking a rule, or a free shot at [[goal]] awarded to the other side.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[death penalty]]

+ * [[minor penalty]]

+ * [[penalty area]]

+ * [[penalty box]]

+ * [[penalty kick]]

+ * [[penalty shot]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[penal]]

+ * [[penalize]]

+ * [[pain]]

+ * [[punish]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}