turba Latin · revision 4980

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtʊr.ba]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtur.ba]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turba''' ''f'' (genitive turbae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[bor|grc|τύρβη|tr=túrbē|t=noise, commotion]], adapted.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) The link with [[sa|त्वरते|tr=tvarate|t=hurries]] and PIE *tuer- held by Pokorny and Meiser is formally doubtful, and de Vaan also considers a zero grade of the root of [[grc|στρέφω|tr=stréphō|t=to turn]], though ⟨turba⟩ would be irregular for *torba.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it of the generals parleying away from the turmoil of the ranks.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was disorder, confusion or a brawl, as Cicero's new turmoil, and a dense or disorderly crowd, as Terence's “good gods, what a crowd!”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was a train of followers, a multitude or mass of people or things, and a company or set.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says ''turbae'' disturb public order and ''tumultus'' the public peace.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In medieval Latin, from Germanic, a homonym meant a lump of peat.^(Niermeyer 1976) Its derivatives gave English ''turbulent'', from ''turbulentus'', and ''trouble'', through Late Latin ''turbidāre''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of turmoil.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of a crowd.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''trouble'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * early 15th century – English ''turbulent'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Disorder, confusion, [[m|en|turmoil]], [[m|en|commotion]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|crowd]], throng, mob.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A train of followers.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A multitude, mass; a company.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A lump of [[m|en|peat]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[turbō]]

+ * [[turbula]]

+ * [[turbulentus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turbāmentum]]

+ * [[turbātē]]

+ * [[turbātiō]]

+ * [[turbātor]]

+ * [[turbātrix]]

+ * [[turbātus]]

+ * [[turbellae]]

+ * [[turben]]

+ * [[turbidē]]

+ * [[turbidus]]

+ * [[en|trouble]]

+ * [[en|turbulent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}