violo Latin · revision 4974

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=Lex sacra}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwi.ɔ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈviː.o.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''violō''' (present infinitive violāre, perfect active violāvī, supine violātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably from a deverbal adjective [[itc-pro|*wijelo-|t=chasing, violating]], from [[ine-pro|*uiH-elo-]], from the root *uiH- “to strive after, chase”, as in [[via]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) It was traditionally derived from [[vīs]] “force”, and the Oxford Latin Dictionary follows this while noting that the formation is unclear.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in a sacred law inscription and in Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was to violate or profane temples and sacred things, to treat persons with violence or outrage, as Caesar's guest, and to rape.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Wiktionary) It was to transgress a law, right or relationship, and to wound or injure, as in Ovid.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says it is an injury to a person's rights, against [[laedō]], physical hurt.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ From it came [[violentus]] and ''violentia'', the source of English ''violence''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline) Its participle gave English ''violate''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it and ''violentia''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar speaks of violence to a guest.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''violence'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * early 15th century – English ''violate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|violate]], [[m|en|profane]] (sacred things).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To treat with violence, outrage; to [[m|en|rape]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To transgress, infringe (a law, a right).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To injure, wound.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[violātor]]

+ * [[violentus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[via]]

+ * [[vīs]]

+ * [[en|violence]]

+ * [[en|violate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}