vitium Latin · revision 4972

16 Oct 2026, 00:43 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Twelve Tables}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwɪ.ti.ũː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvit.t͡si.um]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''vitium''' ''n'' (genitive vitiī or vitī); second declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*witio-|t=deviation, fault]], perhaps from [[ine-pro|*(d)ui-tio-|t=apart, wrong]], a derivative of the word for “two”, as Walde–Hofmann proposed.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The Oxford Latin Dictionary calls the origin doubtful, and Lewis and Short connected it with [[vieō]], so first “a twist”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is found in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008) Plautus uses it of a fault in goods for sale.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ In Classical Latin it was a defect, fault or shortcoming, as Cicero's bodily defect, a flaw in a material thing, as in a roof, and an injurious quality.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was a moral failing or vice, and the violation of a woman's chastity.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein calls it the general word for a fault, against ''menda'', a natural blemish.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ Its derivatives were ''vitiāre'' “to spoil” and [[vituperō]] “to find fault with”.^(de Vaan 2008) Through Old French it gave English ''vice'', “moral fault”.^(Etymonline) It survives as [[it|vizio]] and [[es|vicio]].^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of faulty goods.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a bodily defect.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 1300 – English ''vice'' “moral fault” is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|defect]], fault, shortcoming.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # A flaw (in a thing).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A moral failing, [[m|en|vice]]; a crime, sin.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # The violation of a woman's chastity.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A disease (of plants).^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[vitiō]]
+ * [[vitiōsus]]
+ * [[vituperō]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[vitiōsitas]]
+ * [[duo]]
+ * [[en|vice]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}