rape English · revision 4919
16 Oct 2026, 00:33 by bogdan “en10k b0180: highway … rape” current version
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+ Rape, sexual assault, and rape, the plant grown for oil and fodder, are different words.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024)
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA: /reɪp/^(Roach et al. 2011)
+
+ {{homograph|1|sexual assault}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1325|origins=la rapere}}
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|enm|rape]], rapen, [[bor|xno|rap|alt=rap, rape]] and directly from [[la|rapere|t=to seize, carry off by force]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the source also of [[rapid]], [[rapt]], [[rapacious]] and [[rapture]].^(Cresswell 2021)^(Barnhart 1988) In Old French the verb changed to ravir, the source of [[ravish]].^(Cresswell 2021)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Booty or prey: the early 14th century in Etymonline, before 1325 in Barnhart, in Cursor Mundi;^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the forceful seizure of property, plundering, the mid-14th century.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) The verb meant to seize prey or take by force in the late 14th century (1387 in Barnhart).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ The carrying off of a woman by force is from about 1400,^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988) and sexual violation of a woman from 1481 in the OED, the early 15th century in Etymonline;^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) since abduction was often accompanied by assault, early uses are not always clear.^(Barnhart 1988) The older senses of seizing became obsolete,^(Etymonline) though the verb was revived for plundering a place in 1721.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) In Middle English the past participle could mean “carried off to heaven”, and that use blended with [[rapt]].^(Etymonline)^(AHD) Modern law extends the word to sexual assault on any person.^(OED 1989)^(AHD) ''Rapist'' is from 1883, in American English.^(Barnhart 1988)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 1325 – booty, prey.^(Barnhart 1988)
+ * mid-14th century – seizure, robbery.^(Etymonline)
+ * 1387 – verb, to seize.^(Barnhart 1988)
+ * c. 1400 – abduction.^(OED 1989)
+ * 1481 – sexual violation.^(OED 1989)
+ * 1721 – verb, to plunder a place.^(Etymonline)
+ * 1883 – ''rapist''.^(Barnhart 1988)
+
+ ==Modern meaning==
+ ===Noun===
+ # The crime of forcing another person to have [[sex]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)
+ # The destruction or spoiling of a place: ''the rape of the countryside''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)
+ # ''(archaic)'' The act of carrying someone off by force.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)
+
+ ===Verb===
+ # To force someone to have sex.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)
+ # ''(archaic)'' To plunder or seize by force.^(AHD)
+
+ {{homograph|2|plant}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1398|origins=la rapa}}
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|enm|rape]], [[bor|fro|rape]] and directly from [[la|rāpa|alt=rāpa, rāpum|t=turnip]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024) The Latin word is related to Greek rháphys “turnip”, Old Church Slavonic rěpa and German Rübe,^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) perhaps all borrowed from a non-Indo-European word.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The turnip, and the yellow-flowered plant Brassica napus grown for fodder and oil: 1398 in the OED and Barnhart.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ According to the OED there has been confusion from the start over which plants the word names, and the fodder sense may come partly from Dutch raap “turnip, rape”.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) Rape oil is from the 1540s and ''rapeseed'' from the 1570s.^(Etymonline) Grown as fodder for cattle and sheep, it gives an oil used in cooking, known as canola.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 1398 – turnip; the rape plant.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)
+ * 1540s – rape oil.^(Etymonline)
+ * 1570s – ''rapeseed''.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Modern meaning==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A plant of the [[mustard]] family with yellow flowers, grown for its seeds, which give [[oil]], and as food for animals.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[rapid]]
+ * [[rapt]]
+ * [[rapture]]
+ * [[ravish]]
+ * [[rapeseed]]
+ * [[turnip]]
+
+ ==Usage notes==
+ A rape is also one of the six old divisions of Sussex (1086), from Old English rāp, the source of [[rope]], perhaps because land was marked out with ropes.^(OED 1989)^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024) Rape is also the stalks of grapes left after pressing, from French râpe.^(MWU 2024) The AHD notes that although the verb has three senses, few people think of it as having more than one.^(AHD)
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}